Tuesday, September 20, 2022

TURMERIC AND WOUND HEALING PART 2 - PHYSIOLOGY OF WOUND HEALING S AND TURMERIC & WOUND HEALING

Basic Science research on turmeric has mistakenly (?)  focused on Curcurmin as the presumed active ingredient of turmeric. That focus was likely to find a commercially lucrative new drug from un-patentable inexpensive Turmeric. 

I believe that focus is unfortunate. Less than 5% 0f turmeric is curcumin. Multiple other compounds are present and may represent active contributory ingredients

The story of vitamin E as the active ingredient in walnuts helping in vascular and heart disease is a case in point. Millions of people for years took vitamin E because of that wrong assumption.


All over this post I have quoted curcumin research because that is primarily what is online everywhere. Some turmeric clinical research is available too. 

I only use whole turmeric powder bought online or in the grocery store. NOT CURCURMIN. 

A Pub Med search for more information about turmeric and curcumin in wound healing was done by me in August and Sept 2022 and is the basis of this post. 


Text here is quoted with minor modifications from this review article by Volllono et al here. Potential of Curcumin in Skin Disorders

Laura Vollono 1, Mattia Falconi 2, Roberta Gaziano 3, Federico Iacovelli 2, Emi Dika 4, Chiara Terracciano 5, Luca Bianchi 1 and Elena Campione 1,*


* Correspondence: campioneelena@hotmail.com

AND  Phytochemistry and Biological Activity of Medicinal Plants in Wound Healing: An Overview of Current Research   

Molecules 202227, 3566. https://doi.org/10.3390/ molecules27113566Stefania Vitale , Sara Colanero , Martina Placidi , Giovanna Di Emidio , Carla Tatone , Fernanda Amicarelli and Anna Maria D’Alessandro 1,*


Phytochemistry and Biological Activity of Medicinal Plants in Wound Healing: An Overview of Current Research from 2022. 


Both articles quoted below by me have references for you to review the research.



Wound treatment represents a therapeutic challenge with escalating economic impact worldwide. Costs are rising sharply as newer more and more expensive modalities are developed to monetize the large number of wounds as the Coca Cola Pepsi generation ages and develops chronic diseases predisposing to non healing wounds. 

Sugary drinks have been the biggest reason for excess sugars in human diets worldwide leading directly to the global epidemic of obesity beginning in childhood and chronic diseases increase as the populations age. 



The growing burden of chronic noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, vascular diseases was helped by the 

Bush-Era Gag Rule that Prevented Criticism of Soda. 

The Bush (W) Administration Blocked States from Using Federal Funds to Discourage Soda Consumption.

 


"Wound healing is a complex, dynamic process that involves a sequence of cellular and molecular events. It can be divided in a simplified manner into four phases: 

(1) hemostasis.

(2) inflammation

(3) proliferation with formation of granulation tissue.

(4) remodeling, with formation of new epithelium and scarring.


SHORT SUMMARY OF Wound-healing process. 

(A) Hemostasis: A clot is formed providing a temporary barrier to fluid loss and pathogen entry; acts as a reservoir of bioactive factors and antimicrobials; and initiates tissue repair pathways. 

(B) Inflammatory phase: Early step with damage-associated molecular pattern activation, free radicals, and reactive molecular species production to recruit immune cells; release of immune cells; release of antimicrobial species; infiltrating immune cells t that secrete amplifying alarmin signals (endogenous, constitutively expressed, chemotactic, and immune-activating proteins/peptides that are released as a result of degranulation, cell injury or death.

(C) Proliferation phase: Migration and proliferation of keratinocytes, collagen/extracellular matrix synthesis; decreased vessel permeability; new capillary and lymphatic vessel angiogenesis; epithelialization; and de novo formation of granulation tissue. 

(D) Remodeling (maturation): Collagen/extracellular matrix reorganization and realignment; extracellular matrix contraction;  matrix turnover (synthesis and degradation);endothelia and fibroblast apoptosis; repigmentation. "

DETAILS OF WOUND HEALING PROCESS

"Coagulation and Hemostasis

Immediately after injury coagulation and hemostasis take place to prevent bleeding [18,19]. These processes require multiple interlinked steps to protect the blood vessel and provide a matrix that allows the invasion of cells needed in the later phases of healing [20,21]. The coagulation cascade is activated leading to platelet aggregation and clot formation [19]. In rapid succession, three steps occur during hemostasis. Vascular spasm is the initial response as blood vessels constrict to reduce blood loss. In the second step, within seconds of a blood vessel’s epithelial wall being disrupted, platelets adhere to one another to form a temporary seal over the vessel wall rupture. Collagen, exposed at the site of injury, promotes platelets to adhere to the injury site. The third and final phase is known as blood clotting or coagulation. The coagulation cascade, or secondary hemostasis, is a series of steps in response to bleeding caused by tissue injury, where each step activates the next and ultimately produces a blood clot. Coagulation strengthens the platelet plug with fibrin threads, which function as “molecular glue.” After a few minutes, the fibrinous platelet block is entirely established [1922]. Platelet-derived growth factors and cytokines also play a role in the wound-healing process by activating and attracting neutrophils, as well as macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts [17,21].

3.2. Inflammatory Phase

This phase is composed of two separate steps, an early inflammatory phase and a late inflammatory phase [23]. The early inflammatory phase activates the molecular events that lead to the infiltration of the wound site by neutrophils, whose main function is to prevent infection [24]. Later macrophages appear in the wound and continue the process of phagocytosis before progressing to the next phase of healing [23,24,2631]. Macrophages play an important role in the late stages of the inflammatory response, acting as key regulatory cells and storing a large amount of potent tissue growth factors [17,24,2733]. The last cells to enter the wound site (in the late inflammatory phase) are lymphocytes, which play an important role in collagenase regulation and are later required for collagen remodeling, the production of extracellular matrix components, and their degradation [23,29,31].

page4image530288688

3.3. Proliferative Phase

This phase encompasses the major healing processes and starts on the third day after an acute wound and lasts for approximately 2 weeks (Figure 1C). Following the injury, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts proliferate in the surrounding tissue for the first three days [30] before migrating into the wound, attracted by factors such as Transforming Growth Factor-(TGF-) and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), which are released by inflammatory cells and platelets [34]. Once in the wound, the fibroblasts proliferate profusely and proceed to the deposition of the newly synthesized extracellular matrix by producing matrix proteins such as hyaluronan, fibronectin, proteoglycans, and type 1 and type 3 procollagen. Collagen synthesis represents a crucial event. Indeed, collagen is an important component in all phases of wound healing since it contributes to the integrity and strength of all tissues [3537]. At a macroscopic level, during this phase of wound healing, an abundant formation of granulation tissue can be observed. Then, within a few days, a microvascular network throughout the granulation tissue is organized. The modeling and establishment of new blood vessels are critical in wound healing and take place concurrently during all phases of the reparative process. Finally, epithelialization occurs. Within a few hours of the injury, epithelial cells start to migrate to the wound site from the wound edges; when the advancing epithelial cells meet, migration stops, and the basement membrane starts to form [29].

3.4. Remodeling Phase

During wound remodeling, scar tissue formation takes place and is com- pleted in approximately one year or even more [18,29,3840]. As the wound heals, the growth of capillaries stops, the density of fibroblasts and macrophages is reduced by apop- tosis, and the blood flow and metabolic activity decrease [35,37,41]. The final result is a fully matured scar with a decreased number of cells and blood vessels and high tensile strength [23,41]. Although most wounds are the result of simple injuries, systemic and local factors may alter and slow down the course of the finely balanced repair process, leading to the occurrence of wounds that do not heal in a timely and orderly manner and evolve in chronic, non-healing wounds. Therefore, according to the tissue’s ability to completely repair the wound, they are classified generally as acute or chronic wounds.

4. Acute and Chronic Wounds

While acute wounds take only a few weeks to heal, chronic wounds require several months to heal completely. An acute wound is defined as a recent wound that has yet to progress through the sequential stages of wound healing. They can be superficial injuries involving both the epidermis and superficial dermis or full-thickness skin damage in which the subcutaneous layer is compromised. Examples of acute wounds are surgical incisions, thermal wounds, abrasions, and lacerations. They heal through the routine processes of inflammation, tissue formation, and remodeling, which occur in a timely fashion. Acute wound healing is regulated by cytokines and growth factors released proximal to the wound [42].

Chronic wounds are those that fail to progress through the normal stages of healing and are not repaired in an orderly and timely manner [20,43]. The healing process is incomplete and disturbed by various factors, which prolong the phases of homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, or remodeling by one or more stages. These factors can include infection, tissue hypoxia, necrosis, exudate, and excess levels of inflammatory cytokines [38]. The continuous state of inflammation in the wound creates a cascade of tissue responses that together perpetuate a non-healing state. Since the healing proceeds in an uncoordinated manner and the functional and anatomical outcomes are poor, these wounds frequently relapse [20,39]. Chronic wounds may be related to various causes, including neuropathic diseases, pressure, arterial and venous insufficiency, burns, and/or vasculitis (Figure 2) [44]



CURCURMIN During the inflammatory phase a significant number of neutrophils are recruited at the wounded site, releasing proteases, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-1. Curcumin is able to reduce inflammation through the inhibition of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the suppression of TNF-α expression, as well as through the impairment of LPS signaling. Moreover, curcumin exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by acting on other signaling pathways, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) and myeloid differentiation protein 2-TLR 4 co-receptor (TLR4-MD2)


Excessive oxidative stress plays a major role in prolonged inflammation, a significant feature in the pathogenesis of chronic non-healing wound. In fact, while low levels of ROS are formed during the physiologic wound healing process, their excessive production cannot be balanced by the cellular antioxidant system, leading to oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation (LPx), DNA breakage and enzyme inactivation, including free-radical scavenging enzymes, in a self-perpetuating cycle resulting in chronic disease. The reducing potential of its electron-donating groups allows curcumin to restore the redox balance and suppress transcription factors related to oxidation, while sustaining the production and activity of antioxidant enzymes and their constituents, such as glutathione (GSH). Moreover, a protective action of curcumin against hydrogen peroxide has been observed in vitro in human keratinocytes and fibroblasts.




CURCURMIN During the proliferative phase of wound healing, the dermis is invaded by proliferating fibroblasts producing immature ECM proteins (EDA fibronectin and type III collagen) as well as activating growth factors such as TGF-β1, leading to reparation of the wounded dermal layer.

Simultaneously, keratinocytes migrate at the wounded site, where they proliferate and differentiate in order to restore the overlying epithelium. A major role in this process is played by hair follicle stem cells.

Curcumin may exert significant action during the proliferative phase. In fact, it has been demonstrated that curcumin is able to reduce the number of membrane matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs), increase the hydroxyproline and collagen synthesis, and accelerate the maturation of collagen fibers. In addition, curcumin also promotes the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, which marks the beginning of wound contraction, and reduces the epithelization period in wounds.


CURCURMIN In animal models, daily curcumin topical application accelerated wound healing in irradiated mini-pigs, and the application of chrysin-curcumin-loaded nanofibers reduced the levels of IL-6, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and iNOS gene expression in male rats, resulting in the acceleration of the healing process of surgical wounds. Transdermally applied curcumin on surgical wounds on rats produced marked inhibition of H2O2-induced damage to keratinocytes and fibroblasts, while application of curcumin-oligochitosan nanoparticle complex or with application of oligochitosan coated curcumin-loaded-liposomes resulted in faster healing of surgical wounds in mice compared with controls [29,30]. In a diabetic rat model, wounds treated with curcumin showed an accelerated reepithelization rate compared with untreated controls [125]. Treatment with curcumin-loaded polymeric bandages resulted in significantly lower expression of PI3K and pAKT, indicative of an inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/NFκB axis, reduced LPx levels, and increase in collagen compared with controls.



Enhancement of wound healing by curcumin in animals






Many new formulations of curcumin have been developed in order to achieve better topical application at the wound site, such as chitosan-alginate sponges, curcumin-loaded polymeric bandages, alginate foams, collagen films, and nano-emulsion and hydrogel. The incorporation into these formulations resulted in increased curcumin bioactivity, although no formulation showed a significant difference in its effect compared to the others.


 Alginate-curcumin based systems for wound healing

Acute and chronic wound care is a pressing need, and alginate-based wound dressings provides many benefits over the conventional wound dressings. 

To increase the efficacy of alginate dressing, curcumin was used as a potential antibacterial and ani-inflammatory biomaterial for rapid healing of wounds. In combination with alginate and other biopolymers curcumin increases the potency of wound healing of the wound dressing systems. Many alginate-curcumin systems have been used as drug delivery systems, wound dressing materials, tissue regeneration materials, and other applications in recent years. Curcumin’s use in wound healing applications as wound dressing products has been well researched over the last few decades and published in numerous publications [154]. Other than alginate, chitosan was the mostly used biopolymers for preparation of wound care dressing materials. The focused on researches and experiments done with alginate and curcumin and related wound healing dressing systems and summarized here

Alginate- curcumin formulationsCompositionInvestigation level/stageResultRef.
SpongeChitosan, sodium alginate (CA) and curcuminin-vivoCA-Curcumin sponge can promote the formation of the collagen, thus accelerate the healing process.[120]
FoamSodium alginate and curcuminin-vitroIt can be removed easily from the wound site with wound healing effect.[155]
HydrogelN,O carboxymethyl chitosan/oxidised alginate and nano-curcuminin-vivoIt enhances the re-epithelialization, collagen deposition and accelerate the process of wound healing.[156]
Polymeric bandageChitosan, Sodium alginate, oleic acid and Curcuminin-vivoIt enhances wound healing.[157]
Microfibresodium alginate, gelatine and Curcuminin-vivoThe composite has the potential to wound healing platform.[158]
FilmBacterial cellulose, alginate, gelatine and curcuminin-vitroIt has potency for wound care, periodontitis and oral cancer treatment.[159]
Fabric scaffoldCurcumin and Gymnemasylvestre, graphene oxide, polyhydroxy butyrate-sodium alginatein-vivoEffective against diabetic wound as well as normal wound.[160]
FilmHuman Elastin-Like Polypeptide (HELP), alginate and curcuminin-vitroEffective for drug delivery, wound healing, and tissue regeneration.[161]
HydrogelCurcumin, β-cyclodextrin
Sodium alginate, Chitosan
in-vitroIt inhibits the Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) growth to heal the wound.[162]
SpongeCurcumin, chitosan–alginate and β-cyclodextrinin-vivoIt facilitate cutaneous wound healing.[163]
MembraneAlginate membrane, polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles, Curcuminin-vivoIt can accelerate wound healing without removal of the membrane.[164]
PatchSodium alginate/PVA-Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and curcuminin-vitroIt shows antibacterial and antifungal activities and can be used for wound healing.[165]
Curcumin Encapsulated particlePluronic F127 (PF127), calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium alginate, chitosan, curcuminin-vitroIt has potency of good drug delivery and further research needed to test the efficacy for wound healing.[166]



Curcumin-induced angiogenesis hastens wound healing in diabetic rats




CLINICAL STUDIES FOUND ONLINE ON TURMERIC IN WOUNDS


Clinically, patients affected by diabetic wounds treated with curcumin loaded chitosan nanoparticles impregnated into collagen-alginate scaffolds reported a significantly faster healing process compared to those treated with patients receiving treatment with placebo scaffold.

As mentioned above, topical application of curcumin seems to have more pronounced effects on wound healing compared to its oral administration in the treatment of wounds, owing to higher accessibility of the drug at the wound site. 



Another clinical paper linked below has photographs of wound healing. 60 patients were divided into three groups one of the groups was Turmeric plus Honey. Turmeric alone was not used in this paper. Turmeric Mixed Honey Topical Application Enhances Healing, is Safe and Economical in Chronic Wounds 





Additional studies I could not personally review on Pub Med -- 

One reportedly is from UK. 3 are from India. Details in a direct quote from linked review below Literature related to turmeric for wound healing

Licj et al ,(1993) conducted a comparative randomized study for the total of 20 patients grouped in to 4 units based on wound size. The samples were selected from Medical research unit, U.K with four different interventions. The wounds in group I patients were dressed daily with 0.9% normal saline (controls). Turmeric powder was applied topically in an amount of 0.5gm/cm2 of wound surface to the wounds of group II patients. In group III patients, turmeric powder was applied topically to the wounds and were given 1.5% turmeric aqueous suspension by mouth (via) daily drinking water. Group IV patients were given 1.5% turmeric solution by mouth and their wounds were dressed daily with 0.9% normal saline. At 0,3,6 and 10 the mean area of the wounds was similar in all groups. At days 17 and 25 however, the treatment groups exhibited significantly smaller wounds when compared to control (P<0.05 each group). In addition, all patients in groups 2 and 3 and 75% of the patients in group IV had healed wounds at day 32, compared to only 38% in the control group. Thus, turmeric powder in both oral and topical applications, enhanced wound contraction and healing in this model. The wound status was examined through bates Jensen wound assessment scale. It indicates, that local application and oral intake of turmeric enhances wound contraction when compared to daily cleaning with saline. The effectiveness rate was about 78%and it shows high significance.

Despande, Marks & Begum,(2000) conducted a randomized clinical trial study for 78 patients with diabetic wounds in the foot from National Institute of Health in Pune based on structured questionnaire data collection on wound status and Batson Index, the treatment continued for 2 weeks and the healing effects noted for 81% of patients on continuous application of curcumin with the dose of 1.5gm daily twice. Thus the significance (p=0.05) shows highly reliable.

Shiva & Vandana,(2002) conducted a clinical study to evaluate the potential efficacy of fresh turmeric paste to heal wounds for 18 patients. The samples was selected from government ayurvedic college, Nagercoil. Turmeric paste was applied topically to the wound for 14 days. Wound healing was assessed on treatment0,3,7,14. At the end of 14th day it was observed that the wound healing was significantly faster (p>0.01) in experimental group.

Srivastava & Suvira,(2002) conducted a randomized experiments for 20 samples with leg ulcer from the village of Orissa, India.Curcumin were given in the dose of 0.1 mg / cm2 surface for a period of 3 months to enhance rapid wound healing. Enhancement of collagen synthesis and marked wound healing were demonstrated to a rate of 87% with the reliability of r=+1 and shows highly significance. The residents of Orissa village has shown the greater acceptance of curcumin application over the wound,where it is cost effective and easy for application.

Rajinder Raina & Verma,(2008) conducted a randomized clinical trial of application of turmeric powder with the dose of 0.5-1gm for the period of 3 weeks and to find out the wound status level among diabetic clients in general clinics of West Bengal. Wound measurements was done using Bates-jensen wound assessment scale.At the end of the third week it was found the healing effects was noted for 73% of clients. The significance( p=0.05) 




Thursday, September 01, 2022

TURMERIC FOR WOUND HEALING - FREE MD GUIDANCE --vinsona atgmaildotcom

My patient was a Native American. 

"I have been fasting and praying for 2 days" he told me that first day of June, when I walked in to introduce myself. I told him I was an Infectious Disease (ID) doctor and would be part of the team to care for him over the next month. I was covering for my colleague on a trip to his home country. 

He had repeatedly refused amputation of his leg and pleaded with me for help to save it. 

His story began years ago. He had diabetes a long time. Admitted about 4 weeks earlier for a diabetic foot ulcer #DFU that spread #infection through the left foot he had surgery to remove the worst of the infection. He lost 4th and 5th toes and the outer part of  left foot. 

Sorry for graphic images.

ID was consulted and antibiotics guided by subsequent bone cultures were started. Wound care saw him daily. The wound did not heal. 

Arteriography showed blocked arteries and angioplasty to open up the leg arteries was performed. Twice

The wound still did not show progress.

Despite surgery, two angioplasty procedures, continuous Vac wound therapy and good intravenous antibiotics his wound deteriorated. His doctors told him he would have to lose his leg below the knee. He refused. When I saw him that day he had refused amputation multiple times in 10 days.He lay in hospital alone as his reservation was a few hours drive away. He spent his time fasting and praying the last two days of May. 

He told all he would never have his leg cut off, ever. 

Even if it killed him. 

My grandfather made the same decision in 1926 when his diabetic foot infection spread from his big toe into his leg after a nail trimming. The British army surgeon attending him recommended amputation. For Hindu religious reasons my grandfather refused. My dad was 8. He told me about his dad's death many times.  

I hope you consider turmeric powder as an option for such wounds. It is your decision. 

Happy to help you. My services are free in memory of my daughter Sonali. She was kind and compassionate and would have been a good doctor. Sonali's Garden is in west Bismarck ND on the Missouri River bluff. You can find it on Apple or Maps.

Turmeric has been used in this way for wound healing for centuries in India my country of origin.

I do not sell turmeric or advertise any brand on the blog. It is easily available online or in grocery stores and Asian markets. 

vinsona atgmaildotcom

I first met the patient June 1 2016 in Fargo ND. 

                                              BASELINE PHOTO EARLY JUNE     


Hospital pharmacy/administration and the Surgeon reviewed the online evidence for turmeric use in wound care agreed to initial 1 week trial.  I bought the turmeric local Asian market and supplied it to the pharmacy. 

                    On 6/8 the wound was packed with turmeric and covered with a gauze dressing. 


                                             DAY 5 PHOTO CLEARLY IMPROVED 


Weekly turmeric powder dressings were done at homeboy daughter. 
Every week son in law sent me photos. 
The wound fully healed at home.

Weeks later he told me that on seeing my grey hair and brown skin when I came to see him June 1, he thought I was the shaman he was fasting for.

DRAMATIC IMPROVEMENT 7/7

                                                                          7/19/2016 


 No photos after July 19!
SO I DROVE 180 MILES TO SEE HIM 9/13

     Late July family got free Opsite a clear plastic impermeable dressing. 
Switched on their own from gauze to cover turmeric to Opsite. "Looked nicer". 
9/13 wife and I decided to drive down to see him at local IHS clinic. Wound healing had slowed down with much new maceration in the peri-wound area as shown in photo (yellow due to turmeric).



       Within 7 days of going back to Turmeric powder and gauze 9/22 photo shows improvement. 
                                                               Full weight bearing continued.

11/4 photo sent when I texted son in law. 
Healed. Full weight bearing.


                                                                Last photo 11/16. 


                           Patient a diabetic died 9/2017 8 months later of a massive heart attack. 

                            "His foot was good though" his son in law texted me.



Turmeric helps chronic non healing wounds 

Turmeric helps Diabetic foot wounds early and late #DFU

Turmeric helps Decubitus ulcers aka pressure ulcers aka pressure injury

Turmeric helps Chronic post operative infected wounds

My website https://healdiabeticwounds.wordpress.com shows the images of this patient and guides patients and families to help heal chronic wounds at home using turmeric. 

Other patient stories with photos will be on subsequent blogs .

I am happy to hand hold you through the process. No cost. vinsonaatgmaildotcom

I will need photos sent to me weekly at vinsonaatgmaildotcom

CURRENT MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC WOUNDS 

Patients with chronic wounds that do not do well after in hospital medical, surgical and wound care are often sent to Skilled Nursing facilities (SNF) for further wound care if patient's insurance can pay.                                         

At the SNF wound care Practitioners whether RNP, PA, MD or DO go room to room with the facility nurses. Dressings are removed in the dimly lit rooms of most SNFs. Often 15-20 patients many with multiple wounds are seen in a 3 hour period.  Notes of the wounds  size, depth, exudate, wound edge, surrounding skin etc are compared to the prior week to follow healing. 

Guidance for dressings, ointments etc to use is written. 

Some 3000 dressings are available. 

Medicare and Medicaid pays billions of $$$$ annually for wound management. 

Different nurses at the SNF come back later to dress wound with the same or new type of dressing.  This goes on for months. Sometimes debridements are done. 

Wound heal slowly. SOMETIMES VERY SLOWLY.

Patients mostly elderly and bed ridden away from home and family for months get lonely and discouraged. Nutrition naturally suffers. 

Keeping pressure off wounds is essential for healing. Slow healing wounds are often on pressure points. Keeping pressure off whether in bed or in wheelchair is strongly stressed to the patients and nurse assistants are encouraged to enforce that. It is difficult. Those factors take the blame for slow healing wounds when families enquire about loved ones returning home.

I wish they would try Turmeric. 




TURMERIC AND WOUND HEALING PART 2 - PHYSIOLOGY OF WOUND HEALING S AND TURMERIC & WOUND HEALING

Basic Science research on turmeric has mistakenly (?)  focused on Curcurmin as the presumed active ingredient of turmeric. That focus was li...