Basic Science research on turmeric has mistakenly (?)  focused on Curcurmin as the presumed active ingredient of turmeric. That focus was likely to find a commercially lucrative new drug from un-patentable inexpensive Turmeric.  I believe that focus is unfortunate. Less than 5% 0f turmeric is curcumin.  Multiple other compounds are present and may represent active contributory ingredients .  The story of vitamin E as the active ingredient in walnuts helping in vascular and heart disease is a case in point. Millions of people for years took vitamin E because of that wrong assumption. I STRONGLY DISCOURAGE USE OF ORAL CURCURMIN AND CURCURMIN/ PIPERARINE COMBINATIONS DUE TO recent reports from Italy of POSSIBLE HEPATOTOXICITY    None of those reports were about whole turmeric powder.  All over this post I have quoted curcumin research because that is primarily what is online everywhere. Some turmeric clinical research is available too.  I only use whole turmeric powder bought online or i